'More to munch on': The 'popcorn planet' unveils new atmospheric details
Artist's illustration of the exoplanet WASP-107 b in orbit around its host star. This illustration is based on transit observations from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam instrument, as well as other space- and ground-based telescopes, led by Matthew Murphy of the University of Arizona and a team of researchers around the world. Illustration by Rachael Amaro/University of Arizona
The "popcorn planet" is back in the spotlight.
Using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), a team of international astronomers has discovered new atmospheric details on WASP-107 b, an exoplanet with a puffed-up atmosphere due to tidal heating. Previously described as an extremely low-density "popcorn planet" by researchers, WASP-107 b has once again proven to be an intriguing subject, revealing even more surprising characteristics about its inflated and dynamic atmosphere.
WASP-107 b, a gas giant about the size of Jupiter but with just one-tenth of its mass, has long baffled astronomers with its puffy, inflated state. Now, JWST’s advanced observations have provided an even closer look, revealing an unexpected east-west asymmetry in its atmosphere — marking one of the first times such details have been observed in an exoplanet.
"Our previous findings showed that WASP-107 b is extraordinarily puffed up, almost as if the planet had popped like a kernel of popcorn under its own heat," explained co-author Luis Welbanks, a 51 Pegasi b Fellow at Arizona State University's School of Earth and Space Exploration. "With JWST, we are getting a clearer picture of what’s happening in its atmosphere in three dimensions, and it turns out there’s even more to munch on!"
The study, published in Nature Astronomy, was led by Matthew Murphy, a graduate student at the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory, with contributions from Welbanks and ASU Associate Professor Michael Line.
Earlier in 2024, the previous study led by ASU researchers revealed that WASP-107 b had a significantly hotter interior and a more massive core than previously hypothesized, thanks to the broadband spectrum showing simultaneous detections of carbon-, oxygen-, nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing molecules. Now, the reanalysis of JWST observations uncover an east-west atmospheric asymmetry. This feature suggests differences in the properties between the two sides of the exoplanet.
"The source of this asymmetry is intriguing. While our initial analysis suggests that the asymmetries may be due to one limb of the planet being more cloudy than the other, this could also be linked to how heat is transported across the planet's atmosphere," Line said. "It’s as if one side of WASP-107 b is cooking faster than the other."
WASP-107 b is tidally locked to its star, meaning one side always faces the star, basking in constant daylight, while the other side remains in perpetual darkness. This condition, combined with the planet’s low-gravity and inflated state, makes WASP-107 b an ideal candidate for studying the unique processes at work in exoplanetary atmospheres.
To study the planet’s atmosphere, researchers used a technique called transmission spectroscopy, which involves analyzing the starlight that filters through the exoplanet's atmosphere as it passes in front of its star. The high sensitivity of JWST allowed the team to isolate and examine the signals from the eastern and western edges of the atmosphere separately, something never before achieved with this level of detail.
"The high precision of JWST’s instruments is like having a magnifying glass for planets," Welbanks said. "We can now look at specific processes happening on each side of WASP-107 b’s atmosphere, giving us valuable insights into how climate works in these extreme conditions."
WASP-107 b’s atmosphere, which reaches temperatures around 890 degrees Fahrenheit, sits in an intermediate range between the planets in our solar system and the hottest exoplanets known. This makes it an important target for understanding the diverse climates and atmospheric dynamics of exoplanets.
"Traditionally, our observing techniques don't work as well for these intermediate planets, so there's been a lot of exciting open questions that we can finally start to answer," Murphy said. "For example, some of our models told us that a planet like WASP-107 b shouldn't have this asymmetry at all — so we're already learning something new."
The researchers now plan to conduct additional observations to delve deeper into what drives this atmospheric asymmetry. These ongoing studies will help astronomers piece together the puzzle of how such inflated exoplanets maintain their structure and how heat, winds and atmospheric chemistry interact to create the unique conditions observed on WASP-107 b.
For further details, you can revisit the earlier press release on WASP-107 b's unique "popping" behavior here.
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